Vincent van Gogh je jedn\u00edm z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nejtragi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejinspirativn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch um\u011blc\u016f v historii. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u017eivota (37 let) vytvo\u0159il p\u0159es 2 100 d\u011bl, v\u010detn\u011b 860 olejomaleb, z nich\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina byla dokon\u010dena v jeho posledn\u00edch dvou letech. Za \u017eivota nebyl uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n, prodal pouze jeden obraz, trp\u011bl du\u0161evn\u00ed chorobou, u\u0159\u00edzl si \u010d\u00e1st ucha a sp\u00e1chal sebevra\u017edu. Byl to v\u0161ak on, kdo zm\u011bnil um\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 prom\u011bnil malbu ze zobrazen\u00ed sv\u011bta v vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch stav\u016f, emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed bolesti, ext\u00e1ze a l\u00e1sky k \u017eivotu.<\/p>\n
Van Gogh se \u201enenarodil jako um\u011blec\u201c. A\u017e do 27 let se pokou\u0161el o prodej um\u011bn\u00ed, u\u010den\u00ed a k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 ve v\u0161em se mu neda\u0159ilo. Teprve koncem 80. let 19. stolet\u00ed se za\u010dal v\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u011bnovat \u0161t\u011btci, inspirov\u00e1n soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nespravedlnost\u00ed a touhou \u201emluvit k lidem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm barvy\u201c. Jeho ran\u00e1 d\u00edla (\u201eJedl\u00edci brambor\u201c, 1885) jsou temn\u00e1, zemit\u00e1 a pln\u00e1 soucitu s oby\u010dejn\u00fdmi lidmi. V\u0161echno se ale zm\u011bnilo, kdy\u017e se p\u0159est\u011bhoval do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a pot\u00e9 do Arles na jihu Francie.<\/p>\n
Jih byl pro van Gogha zjeven\u00edm. Jasn\u00e9 slunce, barvy, p\u0159\u00edroda \u2013 to v\u0161e explodovalo v jeho palet\u011b. Za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat \u010dist\u00e9, syt\u00e9 barvy: kobaltovou mod\u0159, kadmiovou \u017elu\u0165, smaragdov\u011b zelenou. Jeho malba \u0161t\u011btcem se stala energickou, v\u00ed\u0159ivou, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 obsesivn\u00ed. \u201eSlune\u010dnice\u201c, \u201eLo\u017enice v Arles\u201c a \u201eNo\u010dn\u00ed kav\u00e1rna\u201c byly namalov\u00e1ny v letech 1888\u20131889, v obdob\u00ed jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho projevu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd obraz nen\u00ed krajinou, ale emoc\u00ed, ne z\u00e1ti\u0161\u00edm, ale pl\u00e1\u010dem srdce.<\/p>\n
\u201eHv\u011bzdn\u00e1 noc\u201c (1889), snad nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed van Gogh\u016fv obraz, vznikl v psychiatrick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010debn\u011b Saint-R\u00e9my. Toto nen\u00ed ilustrace no\u010dn\u00ed oblohy, ale vizualizace vnit\u0159n\u00edho stavu: v\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed hv\u011bzdy, pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc, ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed obloha, klidn\u00e1 vesnice pod n\u00edm \u2013 to v\u0161e symboly boje, strachu, nad\u011bje a stesku po domov\u011b. Van Gogh nemaloval \u201ekr\u00e1sn\u011b\u201c \u2013 maloval \u201epravdiv\u011b\u201c, jak c\u00edtil. Jeho um\u011bn\u00ed je terapie, modlitba, den\u00edk psan\u00fd barvou.<\/p>\n
Pro Van Gogha nen\u00ed barva popisem, ale symbolem. \u017dlut\u00e1 je barvou slunce, radosti, ale tak\u00e9 \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed (ve \u201e\u017dlut\u00e9m pokoji\u201c a \u201eSlune\u010dnice\u201c). Modr\u00e1 je melancholie, nekone\u010dno, spiritualita (\u201eHv\u011bzdn\u00e1 noc\u201c, \u201eAutoportr\u00e9t s useknut\u00fdm uchem\u201c). \u010cerven\u00e1 a zelen\u00e1 jsou kontrastem v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b a m\u00edru (\u201eNo\u010dn\u00ed kav\u00e1rna\u201c). Sv\u00e9mu bratrovi Theovi napsal: \u201eSna\u017e\u00edm se \u010dervenou a zelenou vyj\u00e1d\u0159it hr\u016fzy lidsk\u00e9 v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b.\u201c Pro n\u011bj byla barva jazykem emoc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Vztahy s jin\u00fdmi um\u011blci byly slo\u017eit\u00e9. Jeho p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed s Paulem Gauguinem skon\u010dilo skand\u00e1lem a u\u0159\u00edznut\u00edm ucha. Obdivoval impresionisty, ale za\u0161el je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l, k expresionismu. Jeho d\u00edla byla na v\u00fdstav\u00e1ch odm\u00edt\u00e1na a kritici je ozna\u010dovali za \u201e\u0161\u00edlen\u00e1\u201c a \u201ene\u0161ikovn\u00e1\u201c. Ale on se nevzdal. \u201eA\u0165 \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed cokoli, c\u00edt\u00edm v sob\u011b s\u00edlu vytvo\u0159it n\u011bco velk\u00e9ho,\u201c napsal. \u201eI kdy\u017e za to mus\u00edm trp\u011bt.\u201c<\/p>\n
Van Goghova technika je jedine\u010dn\u00e1. Barvy nan\u00e1\u0161el v siln\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch (impasto), \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159el t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 socha\u0159skou texturu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd tah \u0161t\u011btcem je gesto, energie, puls. Na palet\u011b nem\u00edchal barvy; vrstvil \u010dist\u00e9 barvy vedle sebe, tak\u017ee k sob\u011b \u201ezn\u011bly\u201c. Jeho linie \u2013 vlny, spir\u00e1ly, v\u00edry \u2013 vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed pohyb vzduchu, sv\u011btla a emoc\u00ed. Van Goghovy obrazy nelze pochopit z reprodukce; je nutn\u00e9 je vid\u011bt osobn\u011b, abychom vn\u00edmali materi\u00e1lnost barvy, s\u00edlu tahu \u0161t\u011btcem, vibrace barev.<\/p>\n
Po jeho smrti Van Goghova sl\u00e1va exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b rostla. Jeho d\u00edla se stala symbolem g\u00e9nia trp\u00edc\u00edho ve jm\u00e9nu um\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00fdstavy, knihy, filmy (\u201eTouha\u201c, \u201eL\u00e1ska Vincenta\u201c), muzea (v Amsterdamu, Otterlu) \u2013 to v\u0161e z n\u011bj ud\u011blalo ikonu. Jeho obrazy l\u00e1mou auk\u010dn\u00ed rekordy: \u201ePortr\u00e9t doktora Gacheta\u201c se prodal za 82,5 milionu dolar\u016f, \u201eKosatce\u201c za 53,9 milionu dolar\u016f. Ale co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jeho um\u011bn\u00ed se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 milion\u016f lid\u00ed: mluv\u00ed o bolesti, nad\u011bji, kr\u00e1se, osam\u011blosti \u2013 v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
Van Gogh nen\u00ed \u201e\u0161\u00edlen\u00fd um\u011blec\u201c, jak se mu \u010dasto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. Je to mu\u017e, kter\u00fd vid\u011bl sv\u011bt pronikav\u011bji, c\u00edtil hloub\u011bji a miloval intenzivn\u011bji. Jeho du\u0161evn\u00ed krize nebyly zdrojem jeho kreativity \u2013 byly to p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ekonal. \u201eSt\u00e1le velmi miluji um\u011bn\u00ed a \u017eivot,\u201c napsal n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed svou smrt\u00ed. Jeho odkaz \u2013 nejen jeho obrazy, ale i stovky dopis\u016f bratru Theovi \u2013 je ohromuj\u00edc\u00edm dokumentem lidsk\u00e9 du\u0161e.<\/p>\n
Dnes je Van Gogh symbolem toho, jak um\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zachr\u00e1nit, i kdy\u017e nezachr\u00e1n\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho um\u011blce. U\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1s vid\u011bt kr\u00e1su v prost\u00e9m \u2013 ve slune\u010dnici, ve hv\u011bzd\u00e1ch, ve star\u00e9 \u017eidli. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m, \u017ee utrpen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka ned\u011bl\u00e1 slab\u00fdm a \u017ee l\u00e1ska k \u017eivotu \u2013 i v zoufalstv\u00ed \u2013 ho d\u011bl\u00e1 velk\u00fdm. \u201eNoc bude jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e den,\u201c napsal. A v jeho obrazech \u2013 i v t\u011bch nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u2013 je v\u017edy sv\u011btlo. Proto\u017ee van Gogh v\u011b\u0159il: dokud jsou barvy, je nad\u011bje.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Vincent van Gogh je jedn\u00edm z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nejtragi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejinspirativn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch um\u011blc\u016f v historii. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u017eivota (37 let) vytvo\u0159il p\u0159es 2 100 d\u011bl, v\u010detn\u011b 860 olejomaleb, z nich\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":99,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-98","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-malovani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=98"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98\/revisions\/100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/99"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=98"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=98"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}