Impresionismus byl revolu\u010dn\u00edm hnut\u00edm v mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se objevilo ve Francii v 60. a 70. letech 19. stolet\u00ed a zm\u011bnilo samotn\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co je obraz. Impresionist\u00e9 odm\u00edtli akademick\u00e9 k\u00e1nony, idealizaci a historick\u00e1 t\u00e9mata a vydali se do plen\u00e9ru, aby zachytili skute\u010dn\u00fd sv\u011bt \u2013 ne v muzeu, ale na ulici, v zahrad\u011b, u \u0159eky. Jejich c\u00edlem bylo zprost\u0159edkovat nikoli formu, ale dojem (odtud n\u00e1zev), ne detail, ale sv\u011btlo; ne v\u011b\u010dnost, ale okam\u017eik.<\/p>\n
Hlavn\u00edm objevem impresionist\u016f bylo sv\u011btlo. Ch\u00e1pali, \u017ee barva objektu nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho \u201epodstat\u011b\u201c, ale na osv\u011btlen\u00ed, denn\u00ed dob\u011b a po\u010das\u00ed. St\u00edny nejsou \u0161ed\u00e9 ani \u010dern\u00e9, ale modr\u00e9, fialov\u00e9 nebo zelen\u00e9. Sn\u00edh nen\u00ed b\u00edl\u00fd, ale r\u016f\u017eov\u00fd, sv\u011btle modr\u00fd nebo \u017elut\u00fd. Ve sv\u00e9 s\u00e9rii \u201eKupky sena\u201c nebo \u201eRouensk\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la\u201c Claude Monet zobrazil stejn\u00fd objekt v r\u016fzn\u00fdch denn\u00edch dob\u00e1ch a uk\u00e1zal, jak ho sv\u011btlo m\u011bn\u00ed k nepozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Ne\u0161lo jen o techniku \u200b\u200b\u2013 byla to nov\u00e1 filozofie vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n
Impresionistick\u00e1 malba se stala volnou, lehkou a fragmentovanou. Barvu nan\u00e1\u0161eli kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi, \u010dasto nedokon\u010den\u00fdmi tahy, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148ovalo div\u00e1kovu oku \u201em\u00edchat\u201c barvy z d\u00e1lky. To vytv\u00e1\u0159elo efekt vibrac\u00ed, pohybu a vzduchu. Zbl\u00edzka se obraz jevil chaoticky, ale z d\u00e1lky harmonicky a \u017eiv\u011b. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup \u0161okoval ve\u0159ejnost i kritiky, zvykl\u00e9 na hladk\u00e1, \u201ehotov\u00e1\u201c pl\u00e1tna. Prvn\u00ed impresionistick\u00e1 v\u00fdstava v roce 1874 se setkala s posm\u011bchem \u2013 ale pr\u00e1v\u011b tato v\u00fdstava se zapsala do historie.<\/p>\n
T\u00e9mata obraz\u016f byla jednoduch\u00e1 a srozumiteln\u00e1: pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 bulv\u00e1ry, kav\u00e1rny, vlakov\u00e1 n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, zahrady, \u0159eky, promen\u00e1dy a tance. Um\u011blci zobrazovali sou\u010dasn\u00fd \u017eivot \u2013 ne hrdiny a bohy, ale oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidi: pradleny, bujar\u00e9 hosty, d\u011bti, kolemjdouc\u00ed. Pierre-Auguste Renoir maloval oslavy a tance s takovou radost\u00ed a v\u0159elost\u00ed, \u017ee se jeho obrazy (\u201eMoulin de la Galette\u201c, \u201eVesel\u00ed se v Bougivalu\u201c) staly hymnami \u017eivota. \u00c9douard Manet, a\u010dkoli se nepova\u017eoval za impresionistu, vydl\u00e1\u017edil cestu sv\u00fdmi obrazy \u201eOb\u011bd na tr\u00e1v\u011b\u201c a \u201eOlympia\u201c \u2013 provokativn\u011b modern\u00edmi, bez idealizace.<\/p>\n
Um\u011blkyn\u011b hr\u00e1ly v tomto hnut\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli. Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Eva Gonzal\u00e8s \u2013 v\u0161echny zpochyb\u0148ovaly patriarch\u00e1ln\u00ed sv\u011bt um\u011bn\u00ed, malovaly za stejn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek jako mu\u017ei, vystavovaly a prod\u00e1valy sv\u00e1 d\u00edla. Cassatt, Ameri\u010danka \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, se proslavila sv\u00fdmi n\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi sc\u00e9nami mate\u0159stv\u00ed, v nich\u017e vyjad\u0159ovala jemn\u00e9 emoce bez sentimentality. Morisot \u2013 vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 interi\u00e9ry a krajiny pln\u00e9 sv\u011btla a \u017eensk\u00e9 intuice. Jejich p\u0159\u00ednos byl dlouho podce\u0148ov\u00e1n, ale dnes je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n a \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd.<\/p>\n
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Technick\u00e9 inovace pomohly impresionist\u016fm: vyn\u00e1lez kovov\u00e9 tuby s barvou jim umo\u017enil malovat venku, nikoli v ateli\u00e9ru. P\u0159\u00edchod syntetick\u00fdch pigment\u016f (ultramar\u00edn, kadmium, kobalt) vedl k jasn\u00fdm, \u010dist\u00fdm barv\u00e1m. Um\u011blci za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat \u010dist\u00e9 barvy, nem\u00edchali je na palet\u011b, ale vrstvili je vedle sebe \u2013 efekt se zes\u00edlil. Pl\u00e1tna byla \u010dasto opat\u0159ena sv\u011btl\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm n\u00e1t\u011brem, aby se zv\u00fd\u0161ila z\u00e1\u0159ivost barev.<\/p>\n
Impresionismus nebyl jednotn\u00fd. Zahrnuje \u201e\u010dist\u00e9\u201c impresionisty (Monet, Sisley, Pissarro), strukturovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed impresionisty (Degas se z\u00e1jmem o formu a pohyb) a ty, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1zeli k postimpresionismu (C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh). Degas nap\u0159\u00edklad maloval baletky, ale co se t\u00fd\u010de kompozice, perspektivy a \u0159ezu, d\u011blal to jako fotograf. Jeho \u201eLekce tance\u201c a \u201eDostihov\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha\u201c nejsou jen sc\u00e9ny, ale studie prostoru a pohybu.<\/p>\n
Kritici i ve\u0159ejnost impresionisty zpo\u010d\u00e1tku odm\u00edtali. Byli naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni \u201ebez chuti\u201c, \u201enedokon\u010den\u00fdmi\u201c a \u201e\u0161\u00edlen\u00fdmi\u201c. Ale postupem \u010dasu se vkus zm\u011bnil. Sb\u011bratel\u00e9, galerie a muzea za\u010dali jejich d\u00edla kupovat. Dnes pat\u0159\u00ed obrazy Moneta, Renoira a Degase k nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edm a nejvyhled\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b. Impresionismus se stal symbolem lehkosti, radosti a l\u00e1sky k \u017eivotu \u2013 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlubok\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, sv\u011btla a \u010dasu.<\/p>\n
Odkaz impresionismu je obrovsk\u00fd. Ovlivnil fauvismus, expresionismus a abstrakci. Sou\u010dasn\u00ed um\u011blci st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jeho techniky \u2013 plen\u00e9r, sv\u011bteln\u00e9 akcenty a \u201e\u017eiv\u00fd\u201c tah \u0161t\u011btcem. Fotografie, film a design absorbovaly ponau\u010den\u00ed z impresionismu: hodnotu okam\u017eiku, prom\u011bnlivost vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, kr\u00e1su v\u0161edn\u00edho dne. Impresionismus n\u00e1s nau\u010dil vid\u011bt \u2013 ne p\u0159edm\u011bty, ale sv\u011btlo, ne v\u011bci, ale pocity, ne v\u011b\u010dnost, ale p\u0159\u00edtomnost.<\/p>\n
Impresionismus nen\u00ed jen styl; je to zp\u016fsob byt\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b. U\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1s zpomalit, v\u0161\u00edmat si, jak si slunce hraje na listech, jak obloha ve\u010der m\u011bn\u00ed barvu, jak d\u011btsk\u00fd sm\u00edch barv\u00ed v\u0161e kolem n\u00e1s. V dob\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edho shonu a virtuality je impresionismus obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b relevantn\u00ed: p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edtomnost je tady a te\u010f a \u017ee jej\u00ed kr\u00e1sa spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v prchav\u00e9m, k\u0159ehk\u00e9m, \u017eivouc\u00edm. Zachytit okam\u017eik znamen\u00e1 zastavit \u010das. Impresionist\u00e9 se to nau\u010dili \u2013 a tuto dovednost p\u0159edali i n\u00e1m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Impresionismus byl revolu\u010dn\u00edm hnut\u00edm v mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se objevilo ve Francii v 60. a 70. letech 19. stolet\u00ed a zm\u011bnilo samotn\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co je obraz. Impresionist\u00e9 odm\u00edtli akademick\u00e9 k\u00e1nony,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":96,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-malovani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=95"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95\/revisions\/97"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/96"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=95"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=95"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=95"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}