Kdyby na Zemi existoval tvor, kter\u00fd by se nejv\u00edce podobal mimozem\u0161\u0165anovi, byla by to nepochybn\u011b chobotnice. Tito hlavono\u017eci disponuj\u00ed \u0159adou neobvykl\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ohromuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bty nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdce: t\u0159i srdce, modrou krev, schopnost m\u011bnit barvu a texturu k\u016f\u017ee, dev\u011bt \u201emozk\u016f\u201c, \u00faplnou regeneraci kon\u010detin a neuv\u011b\u0159itelnou inteligenci. Chobotnice pat\u0159\u00ed k nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nej\u00fa\u017easn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obyvatel\u016fm oce\u00e1n\u016f, jejich\u017e schopnosti z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry neprozkouman\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m chobotnice je jedine\u010dn\u011b strukturov\u00e1n: v ka\u017ed\u00e9m z osmi chapadel m\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed mozek a jeden \u201emini-mozek\u201c. To umo\u017e\u0148uje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu chapadlu fungovat autonomn\u011b \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad prozkoum\u00e1vat prost\u0159ed\u00ed, otev\u00edrat ulity nebo \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9my, zat\u00edmco hlavn\u00ed mozek je zanepr\u00e1zdn\u011bn jin\u00fdmi \u00fakoly. V\u011bdci pozorovali chobotnice, jak otev\u00edraj\u00ed sklenice, proch\u00e1zej\u00ed bludi\u0161ti a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1stroje (nap\u0159\u00edklad sb\u00edraj\u00ed kokosov\u00e9 sko\u0159\u00e1pky k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161k\u016f) \u2013 \u00farove\u0148 kognitivn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed srovnateln\u00e1 s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi prim\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n
Maskov\u00e1n\u00ed je jednou z hlavn\u00edch zbran\u00ed chobotnice. Jej\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee je pokryta specializovan\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami \u2013 chromatofory, iridofory a leukofory \u2013 kter\u00e9 j\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b m\u011bnit barvu, vzor a dokonce i texturu. Chobotnice se m\u016f\u017ee b\u011bhem zlomku vte\u0159iny zm\u011bnit na pruhovanou, skvrnitou, hladkou nebo \u201eostnatou\u201c. Nekop\u00edruje pouze pozad\u00ed; vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed optick\u00e9 iluze, napodobuje mo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159asy, kameny, kor\u00e1ly a dokonce i jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad chobotnice mimick\u00e1, dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed napodobovat tvary a pohyby mo\u0159sk\u00fdch had\u016f, rejnok\u016f a slizoun\u016f!<\/p>\n
Chobotnice jsou mistry \u00faniku. V akv\u00e1ri\u00edch opakovan\u011b prok\u00e1zaly fenomen\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fanikov\u00e9 schopnosti: vyklubaly se z uzav\u0159en\u00fdch n\u00e1dob, otev\u00edraly z\u00e1mky, protla\u010dovaly se mal\u00fdmi otvory (koneckonc\u016f nemaj\u00ed kosti!) a pak se plazily po podlaze, aby na\u0161ly jin\u00e9 akv\u00e1rium nebo… se vr\u00e1tily dom\u016f. Vyskytly se p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy chobotnice v noci vyl\u00e9zaly ze sv\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jedly ryby ze sousedn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a vracely se a\u017e do r\u00e1na, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zanechaly person\u00e1l zmaten\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed chobotnic je dramatick\u00fd a \u010dasto tragick\u00fd proces. Samec p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed spermatofor samici pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho chapadla zvan\u00e9ho hektokotylus, na\u010de\u017e \u010dasto um\u00edr\u00e1. Samice naklade a\u017e 200 000 vaj\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e1 pe\u010dliv\u011b st\u0159e\u017e\u00ed bez krmen\u00ed, n\u011bkdy a\u017e 10 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. \u010cist\u00ed je, provzdu\u0161\u0148uje je, chr\u00e1n\u00ed je a ihned po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed um\u00edr\u00e1. Ml\u00e1\u010fata chobotnic se rod\u00ed zcela samostatn\u00e1 a mus\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b za\u010d\u00edt bojovat o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n
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Chobotnice maj\u00ed modrou krev d\u00edky proteinu hemocyanin, kter\u00fd obsahuje m\u011b\u010f m\u00edsto \u017eeleza (jako n\u00e1\u0161 hemoglobin). Tento protein efektivn\u011bji p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kysl\u00edk ve studen\u00e9 vod\u011b s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem kysl\u00edku, co\u017e je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e9 druhy. Maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 t\u0159i srdce: dv\u011b pumpuj\u00ed krev do \u017eaber a t\u0159et\u00ed pumpuje krev po cel\u00e9m t\u011ble. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee centr\u00e1ln\u00ed srdce se zastav\u00ed, kdy\u017e chobotnice plave, a proto se rad\u011bji plaz\u00ed, aby se vyhnula \u00fanav\u011b.<\/p>\n
Chobotnice maj\u00ed vysoce vyvinut\u00e9 smysly. Jejich o\u010di jsou stejn\u011b sofistikovan\u00e9 jako lidsk\u00e9 \u2013 vid\u00ed polarizovan\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 jim pom\u00e1h\u00e1 s navigac\u00ed pod vodou. Chyb\u00ed jim tradi\u010dn\u00ed sluch, ale dok\u00e1\u017eou vn\u00edmat vibrace. Jejich \u010dich a chu\u0165 jsou zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1ny chapadly \u2013 \u200b\u200bka\u017ed\u00e9 chapadlo doslova \u201eochutn\u00e1v\u00e1\u201c okoln\u00ed objekty. Chobotnice postr\u00e1daj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed kostru, tak\u017ee jejich t\u011bla jsou neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b ohebn\u00e1 \u2013 dok\u00e1\u017eou se prot\u00e1hnout otvorem o velikosti mince.<\/p>\n
Navzdory sv\u00e9mu \u201emimozemsk\u00e9mu\u201c vzhledu jsou chobotnice zraniteln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di \u00fatok\u016fm lid\u00ed. Jsou loveny pro potravu (obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00ed v Japonsku, Koreji a St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed), pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny ve v\u011bdeck\u00fdch experimentech a trp\u00ed tak\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm oce\u00e1n\u016f a zm\u011bnou klimatu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy jsou uvedeny jako ohro\u017een\u00e9. V\u011bdci st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji volaj\u00ed po omezen\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho rybolovu a z\u00e1kazu chovu chobotnic v mal\u00fdch akv\u00e1ri\u00edch, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o vysoce inteligentn\u00ed tvory schopn\u00e9 pro\u017e\u00edvat stres a nudu.<\/p>\n
Chobotnice v\u017edy v kultu\u0159e vyvol\u00e1valy strach i fascinaci: od staro\u0159eck\u00e9ho Krakena a\u017e po modern\u00edho \u201ePolpuka\u201c ve filmu. Dnes v\u0161ak v\u011bda odhaluje jejich pravou podstatu \u2013 ne monstra, ale g\u00e9niov\u00e9 adaptace, p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a inteligence. V\u00fdzkum chobotnic pom\u00e1h\u00e1 rozv\u00edjet m\u011bkkou robotiku, neurobiologii a dokonce i um\u011blou inteligenci. Mo\u017en\u00e1 studiem t\u011bchto \u201emimozem\u0161\u0165an\u016f\u201c l\u00e9pe pochop\u00edme podstatu v\u011bdom\u00ed obecn\u011b.<\/p>\n
Chobotnice je \u017eivouc\u00edm d\u016fkazem toho, \u017ee evoluce je schopna vytvo\u0159it neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 a nepodobn\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed formy. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m, \u017ee oce\u00e1n je v\u00edc ne\u017e jen voda, ale vesm\u00edr pln\u00fd z\u00e1had, z\u00e1zrak\u016f a tvor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ed\u010d\u00ed na\u0161i p\u0159edstavivost. Respektov\u00e1n\u00ed, studium a ochrana chobotnic znamen\u00e1 roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota na Zemi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kdyby na Zemi existoval tvor, kter\u00fd by se nejv\u00edce podobal mimozem\u0161\u0165anovi, byla by to nepochybn\u011b chobotnice. Tito hlavono\u017eci disponuj\u00ed \u0159adou neobvykl\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ohromuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bty nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdce: t\u0159i srdce,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":81,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divoka-zver"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=80"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80\/revisions\/82"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/81"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=80"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=80"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=80"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}