Abstraktn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nejkontroverzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejrevolu\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hnut\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed. Odm\u00edtlo zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta \u2013 lid\u00ed, strom\u016f, dom\u016f \u2013 a obr\u00e1tilo se k \u010dist\u00e9 form\u011b, barv\u011b, linii a gestu. Abstrakce nevypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u2013 evokuje pocit. Nezobrazuje p\u0159edm\u011bt \u2013 vyjad\u0159uje my\u0161lenku. Nenapodobuje p\u0159\u00edrodu \u2013 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed novou realitu. Toto um\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed pro o\u010di, ale pro du\u0161i \u2013 a od div\u00e1ka vy\u017eaduje nikoli porozum\u011bn\u00ed, ale pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Vasilij Kandinskij byl pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem abstrakce. V roce 1910 namaloval prvn\u00ed zcela abstraktn\u00ed obraz na sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 bez n\u00e1znaku hmotn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee barva a forma maj\u00ed duchovn\u00ed s\u00edlu, schopnou ovlivnit du\u0161i, jako hudba. Jeho teoretick\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u201eO duchovn\u00edm v um\u011bn\u00ed\u201c (1911) se stalo manifestem nov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Pro n\u011bj je modr\u00e1 barvou nebe a spirituality, \u017elut\u00e1 je pozemsk\u00e1 a agresivn\u00ed a \u010derven\u00e1 je aktivn\u00ed a z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 linie, ka\u017ed\u00fd tah \u0161t\u011btcem je zvukem v symfonii barev.<\/p>\n
Abstrakci brzy p\u0159ijali i dal\u0161\u00ed mist\u0159i. Piet Mondrian rozvinul geometrickou abstrakci \u2013 jeho \u201eKompozice\u201c s \u010dern\u00fdmi \u010darami a barevn\u00fdmi obd\u00e9ln\u00edky (\u010derven\u00e1, modr\u00e1, \u017elut\u00e1) vyjad\u0159ovaly my\u0161lenku univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed harmonie a kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Kazimir Malevi\u010d vytvo\u0159il \u201e\u010cern\u00fd \u010dtverec\u201c (1915) \u2013 ikonu suprematismu, symbol \u201enulov\u00e9 formy\u201c, odm\u00edtnut\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 materi\u00e1lnosti ve prosp\u011bch \u010dist\u00e9ho citu. Pro n\u011bj to byla \u201etv\u00e1\u0159 nov\u00e9ho mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed\u201c, za\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry.<\/p>\n
Abstrakce nen\u00ed jednotn\u00e1. Lyrick\u00e1 (Kandinsky, Miro) \u2013 svobodn\u00e1, emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed, poetick\u00e1; geometrick\u00e1 (Mondrian, Albers) \u2013 striktn\u00ed, racion\u00e1ln\u00ed, konstruktivn\u00ed; gestur\u00e1ln\u00ed neboli abstraktn\u00ed expresionismus (Pollock, de Kooning) \u2013 kde se samotn\u00fd proces nan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed barvy st\u00e1v\u00e1 um\u011bn\u00edm. Jackson Pollock v\u016fbec nepou\u017e\u00edval \u0161t\u011btec \u2013 barvu lil, kapal a st\u0159\u00edkal na pl\u00e1tno le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na podlaze. Jeho \u201ekapaj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c obrazy jsou z\u00e1znamy energie, pohybu, chaosu a kontroly.<\/p>\n
Pro\u010d je abstrakce tak kontroverzn\u00ed? Proto\u017ee vy\u017eaduje aktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dast div\u00e1ka. Realistick\u00fd obraz \u201ed\u00e1v\u00e1\u201c v\u00fdznam; abstrakce \u201e\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1\u201c, abychom ho na\u0161li. Neexistuje jedin\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed. N\u011bkdo vid\u00ed v Miroov\u011b obraze kosmos, jin\u00fd vzpom\u00ednky z d\u011btstv\u00ed, t\u0159et\u00ed prost\u011b kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 formy. Toto je um\u011bn\u00ed svobody \u2013 um\u011blcova svoboda tvo\u0159it, div\u00e1kova svoboda interpretovat. Nevysv\u011btluje \u2013 nazna\u010duje.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Technicky vzato abstrakce otev\u0159ela neomezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. Um\u011blci experimentovali s materi\u00e1ly: p\u00edskem, sklem, kovem, prysky\u0159ic\u00ed, nalezen\u00fdmi p\u0159edm\u011bty. Trhali, p\u00e1lili a \u0161kr\u00e1bali pl\u00e1tno. Malovali nohama, stroji, v\u011btrem. Um\u011bn\u00ed se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo za stojan \u2013 do instalac\u00ed, performanc\u00ed a videa. Abstrakce se nestala stylem, ale principem: um\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed kopi\u00ed sv\u011bta, ale jeho reinterpretac\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Kritici \u010dasto naz\u00fdvali abstrakci \u201eklamem\u201c, \u201e\u0161arlat\u00e1nstv\u00edm\u201c, \u201ed\u011btsk\u00fdmi kresbami\u201c. Postupem \u010dasu si ale podmanila muzea, aukce a srdce milion\u016f lid\u00ed. Obrazy Pollocka, Rothka a Kleeho maj\u00ed hodnotu des\u00edtek milion\u016f dolar\u016f. Pro\u010d? Proto\u017ee nesou siln\u00fd emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1boj. Mark Rothko maloval rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 barevn\u00e1 pole, kter\u00e1 pono\u0159ila div\u00e1ka \u2013 a mnoz\u00ed p\u0159ed nimi plakali. Jeho um\u011bn\u00ed je meditac\u00ed, modlitbou, setk\u00e1n\u00edm s v\u011b\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Abstrakce ovlivnila v\u0161echno: design, architekturu, m\u00f3du, kino, hudbu. Loga spole\u010dnost\u00ed Apple, Google a Nike jsou d\u011bdici Mondriana. Minimalismus v interi\u00e9rov\u00e9m designu je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm suprematismu. Abstraktn\u00ed potisky na oble\u010den\u00ed jsou ozv\u011bnou expresionismu. I v psychoterapii pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u201ekresbu bez z\u00e1pletky\u201c k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed potla\u010den\u00fdch pocit\u016f. Abstrakce u\u010d\u00ed: ne v\u0161echno lze pojmenovat, ale v\u0161echno lze c\u00edtit.<\/p>\n
Jak se d\u00edv\u00e1te na abstraktn\u00ed obraz? Neptejte se: \u201eCo to je?\u201c Ptejte se: \u201eCo c\u00edt\u00edm?\u201c Dejte si \u010das. P\u0159ibli\u017ete se \u2013 prozkoumejte texturu, vrstvy, gesta. Ustupte \u2013 vn\u00edmejte celkovou n\u00e1ladu. Zapome\u0148te na \u201ekr\u00e1sn\u00e9\/o\u0161kliv\u00e9\u201c. Zamyslete se: co tato barva evokuje? Tato linie? Tento chaos? Tato pr\u00e1zdnota? Abstrakce je zrcadlo. Neukazuje um\u011blce \u2013 ukazuje v\u00e1s.<\/p>\n
Abstraktn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed je v\u00fdzvou pro zn\u00e1m\u00e9, pozv\u00e1n\u00edm k vnit\u0159n\u00edmu dialogu. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1: sv\u011bt nen\u00ed jen ve v\u011bcech \u2013 je v pocitech, my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch, energi\u00edch. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00e1m: n\u011bkdy, abyste vid\u011bli podstatu, mus\u00edte se zbavit formy. Abstrakce nen\u00ed \u00fanikem z reality, ale cestou k jej\u00ed hloubce. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b zahlcen\u00e9m informacemi nab\u00edz\u00ed ticho \u2013 ne ticho, ale prostor pro v\u00e1\u0161 vlastn\u00ed hlas. Naslouchejte mu. M\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m \u0159\u00edct n\u011bco, co v\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd realistick\u00fd obraz \u0159\u00edct nem\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Abstraktn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nejkontroverzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejrevolu\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hnut\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed. Odm\u00edtlo zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta \u2013 lid\u00ed, strom\u016f, dom\u016f \u2013 a obr\u00e1tilo se k \u010dist\u00e9 form\u011b, barv\u011b, linii…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":102,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-malovani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=101"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101\/revisions\/103"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/102"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rabbrconfr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}